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Ink and pixels: Impact of highlighting and reading self-efficacy on adolescents' cognitive load, epistemic emotions, and text comprehension

Ronconi et al. 2025 · randomised trial · touches 1 claim · used in 1 attack

Which beliefs it touches

C3 Paper vs screen, deep reading backs it up
Grade-7 mixed design: no medium main effect on literal/inferential comprehension of ~1000-word informational texts with scrolling; kill-condition test survived 2026-09-30 (calibration not tested).
C3 Paper vs screen, deep reading sets a limit on it
Immediate test only; calibration not measured; lower perceived cognitive load on screen.