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Sources

All 356 studies and reports in the library, most-connected first. Each page shows which beliefs it touches and which attacks used it.

• Screen Use and Child and Adolescent Development and Mental Health Outcomes (umbrella review) Al-Jbouri et al. 2026 · 3 claims
• Improving Students' Learning With Effective Learning Techniques: Promising Directions From Cognitive and Educational Psychology Dunlosky et al. 2013 · 2 claims
• Test-Enhanced Learning: Taking Memory Tests Improves Long-Term Retention Roediger & Karpicke 2006 · 2 claims
• Sleep Reduces the Testing Effect—But Not After Corrective Feedback and Prolonged Retention Interval Abel et al. 2019 · 2 claims
• Smartphone Bans, Student Outcomes and Mental Health Abrahamsson 2024 · 2 claims
• Taking reading comprehension exams on screen or on paper? A metacognitive analysis of learning texts under time pressure Ackerman & Lauterman 2012 · 1 claim
• The Effects of School Phone Bans: National Evidence from Lockable Pouches Allcott et al. 2026 · 2 claims
• Generative AI without guardrails can harm learning: Evidence from high school mathematics Bastani et al. 2024 · 1 claim
• Ill Communication: Technology, distraction & student performance Beland & Murphy 2016 · 2 claims
• Banning mobile phones in schools: evidence from regional-level policies in Spain Beneito & Vicente-Chirivella 2022 · 2 claims
• Near and far transfer: Is music special? Bigand & Tillmann 2022 · 2 claims
• Pervasive negative effects of rewards on intrinsic motivation: The myth continues Cameron et al. 2001 · 1 claim
• The Magnitude of the Testing Effect Is Independent of Retrieval Practice Performance Chan et al. 2024 · 2 claims
• Experimental Evidence on the Learning Impact of Generative AI Contractor & Reyes 2026 · 1 claim
• The inattentive on-screen reading: Reading medium affects attention and reading comprehension under time pressure Delgado & Salmerón 2021 · 1 claim
• The impact of reading medium on text comprehension among vocational students Foss et al. 2026 · 1 claim
• A Comparison of Children’s Reading on Paper Versus Screen: A Meta-Analysis Furenes et al. 2021 · 1 claim
• School phone policies and their association with mental wellbeing, phone use, and social media use (SMART Schools): a cross-sectional observational study Goodyear et al. 2025 · 2 claims
• Regeringen satsar på ökad lästid och minskad skärmtid (The Government invests in more reading time and less screen time) Government of Sweden 2024 · 2 claims
• Prior episodic learning and the efficacy of retrieval practice Gupta et al. 2022 · 2 claims
• Does music training improve inhibition control in children? A systematic review and meta-analysis Jamey et al. 2024 · 2 claims
• The Impact of Banning Mobile Phones in Swedish Secondary Schools Kessel et al. 2019 · 2 claims
• Improving reading comprehension, science domain knowledge, and reading engagement through a first-grade content literacy intervention Kim et al. 2021 · 1 claim
• Does Memory Accessibility Affect How Much We Learn from Studying? Kornell 2025 · 2 claims
• Overcoming screen inferiority in learning and calibration Lauterman & Ackerman 2014 · 1 claim
• Which reading comprehension is better? A meta-analysis of the effect of paper versus digital reading in recent 20 years Li & Yan 2024 · 1 claim
• The Educational Impacts of School Phone Bans: Evidence from Brazil Lichand et al. 2026 · 2 claims
• A Meta-analytic Review of the Effectiveness of Spacing and Retrieval Practice for Mathematics Learning Murray et al. 2025 · 2 claims
• Students, digital devices and success OECD 2024 · 2 claims
• Making AI Tutoring Productive: Evidence from a Mastery-Based Math Practice Experiment Oreopoulos et al. 2026 · 2 claims
• Reversing the testing effect by feedback is a matter of performance criterion at practice Racsmány et al. 2020 · 2 claims
• Please don't stop the music: A meta-analysis of the cognitive and academic benefits of instrumental musical training in childhood and adolescence Román-Caballero et al. 2022 · 2 claims
• Ink and pixels: Impact of highlighting and reading self-efficacy on adolescents' cognitive load, epistemic emotions, and text comprehension Ronconi et al. 2025 · 1 claim
• Cognitive and academic benefits of music training with children: A multilevel meta-analysis Sala & Gobet 2020 · 2 claims
• Reading comprehension on handheld devices versus on paper: A narrative review and meta-analysis of the medium effect and its moderators Salmerón et al. 2024 · 1 claim
• Objective and perceived reading performance: an empirical study comparing reading media and methods Seo et al. 2026 · 1 claim
• The Consequences of Cellphone Restrictions in Classrooms Shi & Villarroel 2026 · 2 claims
• The Effects of Acute Stress on Episodic Memory: A Meta-Analysis and Integrative Review Shields et al. 2017 · 1 claim
• A Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Intelligent Tutoring Systems on K–12 Students' Mathematical Learning Steenbergen-Hu & Cooper 2013 · 2 claims
• The Generative AI Learning Penalty: Evidence from Chinese Secondary Education Strömberg et al. 2026 · 1 claim
• Phones impede learning: Evidence from a massive phone-free classroom experiment Sungu et al. 2026 · 2 claims
• Teaching the science of learning Weinstein et al. 2018 · 2 claims
• A Meta-analysis of the Effects of Verbal Feedback by Teachers on Academic Performance and Moderating Effects Abe & Usami 2024 · 1 claim
• Rethinking the Use of Tests: A Meta-Analysis of Practice Testing Adesope et al. 2017 · 1 claim
• The Power of Flexible School Start Times: Longitudinal Associations with Sleep, Health, and Academic Performance Albrecht et al. 2026 · 1 claim
• The Impact of Delayed School Start Times During COVID-19 on Academic Performance Alfonsi et al. 2023 · 1 claim
• Homogenization Effects of Large Language Models on Human Creative Ideation Anderson et al. 2024 · 1 claim
• Effectiveness of training in organizations: A meta-analysis of design and evaluation features Arthur et al. 2003 · 1 claim
• Taking notes in the digital age: Evidence from classroom random control trials Artz et al. 2020 · 1 claim
• ChatGPT as a cognitive crutch: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial on knowledge retention Barcaui 2025 · 1 claim
• Distributing mathematical practice of third and seventh graders: Applicability of the spacing effect in the classroom Barzagar Nazari & Ebersbach 2019 · 1 claim
• Looking Beyond the Hype: Understanding the Effects of AI on Learning Bauer et al. 2025 · 1 claim
• Effects of Regular Classes in Outdoor Education Settings: A Systematic Review on Students’ Learning, Social and Health Dimensions Becker et al. 2017 · 1 claim
• When and how seductive details harm learning. A study using cued retrospective reporting Bender et al. 2021 · 1 claim
• Seductive Details Behind Hyperlinks—Harmful or Helpful for Learning? Bender et al. 2026 · 1 claim
• Your Programming Students' Cognition with ChatGPT: Higher Performance, Lower Retention, and Reduced Ownership Bergh et al. 2026 · 1 claim
• Comparison of Pen and Keyboard Transcription Modes in Children with and without Learning Disabilities Berninger et al. 2009 · 1 claim
• Training of Executive Functions in Children: A meta-analysis of cognitive training interventions Birtwistle et al. 2025 · 1 claim
• Does It Pay to Play? Undermining Effects of Monetary Reward and Gamification in a Web-Based Task Bitter et al. 2022 · 1 claim
• Desirable Difficulties in Theory and Practice Bjork & Bjork 2020 · 1 claim
• Self-Regulated Learning: Beliefs, Techniques, and Illusions Bjork et al. 2013 · 1 claim
• Assessment and Classroom Learning (+ populärsammanfattning Inside the Black Box) Black & Wiliam 1998 · 1 claim
• Effects of school start time on students’ sleep duration, daytime sleepiness, and attendance: a meta-analysis Bowers & Moyer 2017 · 1 claim
• The Effect of Seductive Details on Knowledge Retention in Physics Videos: A Mixed Methods Study Brock et al. 2025 · 1 claim
• Similarity matters: A meta-analysis of interleaved learning and its moderators Brunmair & Richter 2019 · 1 claim
• Endoscopist deskilling risk after exposure to artificial intelligence in colonoscopy: a multicentre, observational study Budzyn et al. 2025 · 1 claim
• A systematic review and meta-analysis of growth mindset interventions: For whom, how, and why might such interventions work? Burnette et al. 2023 · 1 claim
• Effects of No Feedback, Task-Related Comments, and Grades on Intrinsic Motivation and Performance Butler & Nisan 1986 · 1 claim
• Feedback enhances the positive effects and reduces the negative effects of multiple-choice testing Butler & Roediger 2008 · 1 claim
• Enhancing and undermining intrinsic motivation: The effects of task-involving and ego-involving evaluation on interest and performance Butler 1988 · 1 claim
• Rewards and creative performance: A meta-analytic test of theoretically derived hypotheses Byron & Khazanchi 2012 · 1 claim
• Impact of a content-rich literacy curriculum on kindergarteners' vocabulary, listening comprehension, and content knowledge Cabell et al. 2025 · 1 claim
• Reinforcement, Reward, and Intrinsic Motivation: A Meta-Analysis Cameron & Pierce 1994 · 1 claim
• Teaching Children to Read: The Fragile Link Between Science and Federal Education Policy Camilli et al. 2003 · 1 claim
• Meta-Analysis and Reading Policy: Perspectives on Teaching Children to Read Camilli et al. 2006 · 1 claim
• Evidence for and against banning mobile phones in schools: A scoping review Campbell et al. 2024 · 1 claim
• Effectiveness of Reading and Mathematics Software Products: Findings From Two Student Cohorts (NCEE 2009-4041) Campuzano et al. 2009 · 1 claim
• The Retention of Manual Flying Skills in the Automated Cockpit Casner et al. 2014 · 1 claim
• Ending the Reading Wars: Reading Acquisition From Novice to Expert Castles et al. 2018 · 1 claim
• Math Performance and Academic Anxiety Forms, from Sociodemographic to Cognitive Aspects: a Meta-analysis on 906,311 Participants Caviola et al. 2021 · 1 claim
• Distributed Practice in Verbal Recall Tasks: A Review and Quantitative Synthesis Cepeda et al. 2006 · 1 claim
• Seductive Details, Cognitive Load, and Learning Outcomes: A Multi-level Meta-analysis and MASEM Cheng et al. 2026 · 1 claim
• Reading from paper compared to screens: A systematic review and meta-analysis Clinton 2019 · 1 claim
• Decoding digital reading: a network meta-analysis of comprehension across devices Clinton-Lisell & Litzinger 2026 · 1 claim
• Does Homework Improve Academic Achievement? A Synthesis of Research, 1987–2003 Cooper et al. 2006 · 1 claim
• Multi-Night Sleep Restriction Impairs Long-Term Retention of Factual Knowledge in Adolescents Cousins et al. 2019 · 1 claim
• A systematic and meta-analytic review of the impact of sleep restriction on memory formation Crowley et al. 2024 · 1 claim
• The effects of inclusion on academic achievement, socioemotional development and wellbeing of children with special educational needs Dalgaard et al. 2022 · 1 claim
• Impact of AI assistance on student agency Darvishi et al. 2024 · 1 claim
• From Chalkboards to Chatbots: Evaluating the Impact of Generative AI on Learning Outcomes in Nigeria De Simone et al. 2025 · 1 claim
• A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation Deci et al. 1999 · 1 claim
• Extrinsic Rewards and Intrinsic Motivation in Education: Reconsidered Once Again Deci et al. 2001 · 1 claim
• The Impact of Out-of-School Learning on Academic Achievement in Elementary and Secondary Education: A Meta-Analysis Delen et al. 2026 · 1 claim
• Don't throw away your printed books: A meta-analysis on the effects of reading media on reading comprehension Delgado et al. 2018 · 1 claim
• Does ChatGPT enhance student learning? A systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental studies Deng et al. 2025 · 1 claim
• An Experimental Evaluation of Guided Reading and Explicit Interventions for Primary-Grade Students At-Risk for Reading Difficulties Denton et al. 2014 · 1 claim
• The memory function of sleep Diekelmann & Born 2010 · 1 claim
• Components of fostering self-regulated learning among students. A meta-analysis on intervention studies at primary and secondary school level Dignath & Büttner 2008 · 1 claim
• Effectiveness of learning strategy instruction on academic performance: A meta-analysis Donker et al. 2014 · 1 claim
• A Meta-Analysis of ChatGPT’s Influence on Learning Achievement Doo & Park 2026 · 1 claim
• Generative AI enhances individual creativity but reduces the collective diversity of novel content Doshi & Hauser 2024 · 1 claim
• Breaking the Early Bell: Lessons from the First Statewide Mandate on School Start Times Dou et al. 2026 · 1 claim
• Shared Picture Book Reading Interventions for Child Language Development: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Dowdall et al. 2020 · 1 claim
• Sleepmore in Seattle: Later school start times are associated with more sleep and better performance in high school students Dunster et al. 2018 · 1 claim
• The relationship between manual handling performance and recent flying experience in air transport pilots Ebbatson et al. 2010 · 1 claim
• Are metacognition interventions in young children effective? Evidence from a series of meta-analyses Eberhart et al. 2025 · 1 claim
• No Robust Effect of Distributed Practice on the Short- and Long-Term Retention of Mathematical Procedures Ebersbach & Barzagar Nazari 2020 · 1 claim
• Early to rise? The effect of daily start times on academic performance Edwards 2012 · 1 claim
• Early Predictors of Reading Comprehension Difficulties Elwér 2014 · 1 claim
• Aantekeningen maken met pen of laptop (note-taking with pen or laptop) Engelen et al. 2025 · 1 claim
• Deliberate Practice and Proposed Limits on the Effects of Practice on the Acquisition of Expert Performance: Why the Original Definition Matters and Recommendations for Future Research Ericsson & Harwell 2019 · 1 claim
• The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance Ericsson et al. 1993 · 1 claim
• Homework and students' achievement in math and science: A 30-year meta-analysis, 1986–2015 Fan et al. 2017 · 1 claim
• Beware of metacognitive laziness: Effects of generative artificial intelligence on learning motivation, processes, and performance Fan et al. 2025 · 1 claim
• Exploring the effect of GenAI on learning outcomes in higher education: a three-level meta-analysis Fan et al. 2026 · 1 claim
• Technology-based support shows promising long-term impact on math learning: Initial results from a randomized controlled trial in middle schools (ASSISTments North Carolina replication follow-up) Feng et al. 2023 · 1 claim
• The Impact of Cellphone Bans in Schools on Student Outcomes: Evidence from Florida Figlio & Özek 2025 · 1 claim
• The relative benefits of learning by teaching and teaching expectancy Fiorella & Mayer 2013 · 1 claim
• Typed Versus Handwritten Lecture Notes and College Student Achievement: A Meta-Analysis Flanigan et al. 2024 · 1 claim
• Reading from paper, computers, and tablets in the first grade: The role of comprehension monitoring Florit et al. 2025 · 1 claim
• Changing Mindsets — Evaluation Report (second / effectiveness trial) Foliano et al. 2019 · 1 claim
• Rekommendationer för barns och ungas digitala medieanvändning Folkhälsomyndigheten 2024 · 1 claim
• ManyClasses 1: Assessing the Generalizable Effect of Immediate Feedback Versus Delayed Feedback Across Many College Classes Fyfe et al. 2021 · 1 claim
• Enhancing School Students’ Self-Regulated Learning through Generative AI Support: A Randomized Controlled Trial Fütterer et al. 2026 · 1 claim
• Growth-Mindset Interventions at Scale: Experimental Evidence From Argentina Ganimian 2020 · 1 claim
• Can growth mindset interventions improve academic achievement? A structured review of the existing evidence Gazmuri 2025 · 1 claim
• Mathematics Instruction for Students With Learning Disabilities: A Meta-Analysis of Instructional Components Gersten et al. 2009 · 1 claim
• Implicit and explicit instruction in L2 learning: Norris & Ortega (2000) revisited and updated Goo et al. 2015 · 1 claim
• A Kindergarten Lottery Evaluation of Core Knowledge Charter Schools: Should Building General Knowledge Have a Central Role in Educational and Social Science Research and Policy? Grissmer et al. 2023 · 1 claim
• The relationship between homework time and academic performance among K-12: A systematic review Guo et al. 2024 · 1 claim
• Semantic relatedness and the efficacy of retrieval practice Gupta et al. 2026 · 1 claim
• Hur påverkas studieprestationer i skolan av en dator per elev? Hall et al. 2019 · 1 claim
• En dator per elev i mellanstadiet. Hur påverkas undervisningen och studieresultaten? Hall et al. 2021 · 1 claim
• Forty Years of Reading Intervention Research for Elementary Students with or at Risk for Dyslexia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Hall et al. 2023 · 1 claim
• Deliberate practice: Is that all it takes to become an expert? Hambrick et al. 2014 · 1 claim
• The Power of Feedback Hattie & Timperley 2007 · 1 claim
• On the Effects of Spaced Versus Massed Practice on Deliberate Learning of English Idioms across L2 Proficiency Levels Heidari et al. 2026 · 1 claim
• Correlates, Causes, Effects, and Treatment of Test Anxiety Hembree 1988 · 1 claim
• Studier av läsrelaterade språkliga förmågor i förskola och läsutveckling i grundskola Herkner 2022 · 1 claim
• Spaced Retrieval Practice: Can Restudying Trump Retrieval? Higham et al. 2023 · 1 claim
• Informal learning: Student achievement and motivation in science through museum-based learning Holmes 2011 · 1 claim
• Leder Läslyftet till bättre skolresultat? Effekter på den läs- och skrivutvecklande undervisningen och elevernas resultat Holmlund et al. 2024 · 1 claim
• Generative AI and Creativity: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis Holzner et al. 2025 · 1 claim
• Gaining from explaining: Learning improves from explaining to fictitious others on video, not from writing to them Hoogerheide et al. 2016 · 1 claim
• Taking Class Notes by Hand Compared to Typing: Effects on Children’s Recall and Understanding Horbury & Edmonds 2021 · 1 claim
• Lower engagement of cognitive control in children on ChatGPT Horowitz-Kraus et al. 2026 · 1 claim
• Sleep Restriction Impairs Vocabulary Learning when Adolescents Cram for Exams: The Need for Sleep Study Huang et al. 2016 · 1 claim
• One-to-One Technology and Student Outcomes: Evidence From Mooresville's Digital Conversion Initiative Hull & Duch 2019 · 1 claim
• Effects of Integrated Literacy and Content-area Instruction on Vocabulary and Comprehension in the Elementary Years: A Meta-analysis Hwang et al. 2022 · 1 claim
• ICILS 2023 — digital kompetens hos elever i årskurs 8 (Resultat i korthet + huvudrapport) IEA 2024 · 1 claim
• The effects of handwriting experience on functional brain development in pre-literate children James & Engelhardt 2012 · 1 claim
• School start time delays and high school educational outcomes: Evidence from the START/LEARN study James et al. 2023 · 1 claim
• The smell of paper or the shine of a screen? Students’ reading comprehension, text processing, and attitudes when reading on paper and screen Jensen et al. 2024 · 1 claim
• How does artificial intelligence compare to human feedback? A meta-analysis of performance, feedback perception, and learning dispositions Kaliisa et al. 2025 · 1 claim
• Thirty-five years of ISLA on form-focused instruction: A meta-analysis Kang et al. 2019 · 1 claim
• Retrieval Practice Produces More Learning than Elaborative Studying with Concept Mapping Karpicke & Blunt 2011 · 1 claim
• The Critical Importance of Retrieval for Learning Karpicke & Roediger 2008 · 1 claim
• A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence on the near- and far-transfer effects among children's executive function skills Kassai et al. 2019 · 1 claim
• Studying the effect of AI Code Generators on Supporting Novice Learners in Introductory Programming (CHI 2023) Kazemitabaar et al. 2023 · 1 claim
• AI tutoring outperforms in-class active learning: an RCT introducing a novel research-based design in an authentic educational setting Kestin et al. 2025 · 1 claim
• Seductive details hamper learning even when they do not disrupt Kienitz et al. 2023 · 1 claim
• Content knowledge and comprehension: A meta-analytic review of correlational and causal associations Kim & Cao 2025 · 1 claim
• The Effects of Spaced Practice on Second Language Learning: A Meta-Analysis Kim & Webb 2022 · 1 claim
• Stress and long-term memory retrieval: a systematic review Klier & Buratto 2020 · 1 claim
• The effects of feedback interventions on performance: A historical review, a meta-analysis, and a preliminary feedback intervention theory Kluger & DeNisi 1996 · 1 claim
• Learning by Preparing-to-Teach and Teaching: A Meta-Analysis Kobayashi 2018 · 1 claim
• Interactive Learning Effects of Preparing to Teach and Teaching: a Meta-Analytic Approach Kobayashi 2024 · 1 claim
• A meta-analysis on the impact of grades and comments on academic motivation and achievement: a case for written feedback Koenka et al. 2021 · 1 claim
• The learning benefits of teaching: A retrieval practice hypothesis Koh et al. 2018 · 1 claim
• Use of tablets in primary and secondary school – a case study Kongsgården & Krumsvik 2016 · 1 claim
• Your Brain on ChatGPT: Accumulation of Cognitive Debt when Using an AI Assistant for Essay Writing Task Kosmyna et al. 2025 · 1 claim
• Effects of LLM use and note-taking on reading comprehension and memory: A randomised experiment in secondary schools Kreijkes et al. 2026 · 1 claim
• A Year of Desirable Difficulties: The Impact of Interleaving Math Practice in Nigeria Kremer et al. 2026 · 1 claim
• Implementing Tablets in Norwegian Primary Schools. Examining Outcome Measures in the Second Cohort Krumsvik et al. 2021 · 1 claim
• Inclusive Education of Students With General Learning Difficulties: A Meta-Analysis Krämer et al. 2021 · 1 claim
• Effectiveness of Intelligent Tutoring Systems: A Meta-Analytic Review Kulik & Fletcher 2016 · 1 claim
• Leadership training design, delivery, and implementation: A meta-analysis Lacerenza et al. 2017 · 1 claim
• Learning by writing explanations: Is explaining to a fictitious student more effective than self-explaining? Lachner et al. 2021 · 1 claim
• When Does Learning by Non-interactive Teaching Work? A Large-Scale Analysis of Learner Characteristics in a Classroom Setting Lachner et al. 2025 · 1 claim
• The complexity of school-based health promotion: A case of education outside the classroom (EOtC) Larsen et al. 2026 · 1 claim
• An empirical investigation of the impact of ChatGPT on creativity Lee & Chung 2024 · 1 claim
• Language Discordance and its Moderating Effects on Early-Grade Bilingual Reading Intervention Outcomes in Ghana Lee et al. 2026 · 1 claim
• AI Meets the Classroom: When Do Large Language Models Harm Learning? Lehmann et al. 2024 · 1 claim
• Do Intelligent Tutoring Systems Benefit K-12 Students? A Meta-Analysis and Evaluation of Heterogeneity of Treatment Effects in the U.S. Leite et al. 2026 · 1 claim
• The "Silent Teacher": Learning by teaching via writing a verbatim teaching script Lim et al. 2021 · 1 claim
• Effects of a phonics intervention in a randomized controlled study in Swedish second-grade students at risk of reading difficulties Lindström-Sandahl et al. 2023 · 1 claim
• Effects of Differential Feedback on Students' Examination Performance Lipnevich & Smith 2009 · 1 claim
• Coach not crutch: Evidence that AI can improve writing skill despite reducing effort Lira et al. 2025 · 1 claim
• AI Assistance Reduces Persistence and Hurts Independent Performance Liu et al. 2026 · 1 claim
• Sleep restriction can attenuate prioritization benefits on declarative memory consolidation Lo et al. 2016 · 1 claim
• The influence of writing practice on letter recognition in preschool children: A comparison between handwriting and typing Longcamp et al. 2005 · 1 claim
• Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Learning Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis Ma et al. 2014 · 1 claim
• Do growth mindset interventions impact students' academic achievement? A systematic review and meta-analysis with recommendations for best practices Macnamara & Burgoyne 2023 · 1 claim
• The role of deliberate practice in expert performance: revisiting Ericsson, Krampe & Tesch-Römer (1993) Macnamara & Maitra 2019 · 1 claim
• Deliberate Practice and Performance in Music, Games, Sports, Education, and Professions: A Meta-Analysis Macnamara et al. 2014 · 1 claim
• The Relationship Between Deliberate Practice and Performance in Sports: A Meta-Analysis Macnamara et al. 2016 · 1 claim
• Seductive Details in the Flipped Classroom: The Impact of Interesting but Educationally Irrelevant Information on Student Learning and Motivation Maloy et al. 2019 · 1 claim
• Reading linear texts on paper versus computer screen: Effects on reading comprehension Mangen et al. 2013 · 1 claim
• Mitigating the negative effects of retrieval stress on memory: an arousal reappraisal intervention Marr et al. 2021 · 1 claim
• Later school start times for supporting the education, health, and well-being of high school students Marx et al. 2017 · 1 claim
• The effects of theoretically different instruction and student characteristics on the skills of struggling readers Mathes et al. 2005 · 1 claim
• Nine Ways to Reduce Cognitive Load in Multimedia Learning Mayer & Moreno 2003 · 1 claim
• Phonics training for English-speaking poor readers (Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CD009115.pub3) McArthur et al. 2018 · 1 claim
• No evidence of a visual testing effect for novel, meaningless objects McCarter et al. 2025 · 1 claim
• Is Working Memory Training Effective? A Meta-Analytic Review Melby-Lervåg & Hulme 2013 · 1 claim
• Added Value of Dialogic Parent–Child Book Readings: A Meta-Analysis Mol et al. 2008 · 1 claim
• Interactive Book Reading in Early Education: A Tool to Stimulate Print Knowledge as Well as Oral Language Mol et al. 2009 · 1 claim
• How Much Mightier Is the Pen than the Keyboard for Note-Taking? A Replication and Extension of Mueller and Oppenheimer (2014) Morehead et al. 2019 · 1 claim
• Levels of processing versus transfer appropriate processing Morris et al. 1977 · 1 claim
• Practice Does Not Make Perfect: No Causal Effect of Music Practice on Music Ability Mosing et al. 2014 · 1 claim
• The Pen Is Mightier Than the Keyboard: Advantages of Longhand Over Laptop Note Taking Mueller & Oppenheimer 2014 · 1 claim
• Neural basis of the undermining effect of monetary reward on intrinsic motivation Murayama et al. 2010 · 1 claim
• Effects of Expanding and Equal Spacing on Second Language Vocabulary Learning Nakata 2015 · 1 claim
• The impact of shared book reading on children's language skills: A meta-analysis Noble et al. 2019 · 1 claim
• Multimedia Design for Learning: An Overview of Reviews With Meta-Meta-Analysis Noetel et al. 2022 · 1 claim
• Effectiveness of L2 Instruction: A Research Synthesis and Quantitative Meta-analysis Norris & Ortega 2000 · 1 claim
• PISA 2009 Results: Students On Line — Digital Technologies and Performance (Volume VI) OECD 2011 · 1 claim
• OECD Digital Education Outlook 2026: Exploring Effective Uses of Generative AI in Education OECD 2026 · 1 claim
• A meta-analysis of the effects of placement on academic and social skill outcome measures of students with disabilities Oh-Young & Filler 2015 · 1 claim
• How to interpret discrepancies in empirical results from educational intervention studies Oppenheimer & Ellefson 2024 · 1 claim
• One Click Away: AI Tutoring with Khanmigo in a Two-Year School Experiment Oreopoulos & Low 2026 · 1 claim
• The Importance of Cursive Handwriting Over Typewriting for Learning in the Classroom: A High-Density EEG Study of 12-Year-Old Children and Young Adults Ose Askvik et al. 2020 · 1 claim
• Teaching maths outside the classroom: does it make a difference? Otte et al. 2019 · 1 claim
• Education outside the classroom increases children’s reading performance: Results from a one-year quasi-experimental study Otte et al. 2019 · 1 claim
• The Power of Believing You Can Get Smarter: The Impact of a Growth-Mindset Intervention on Academic Achievement in Peru Outes-León et al. 2020 · 1 claim
• Impact of Displaying Grades Vs. Not Displaying Grades on Academic Performance and Emotional Outcomes While Delivering Feedback Comments: A Longitudinal Study Panadero & Sánchez-Iglesias 2025 · 1 claim
• An Experiment to Evaluate the Efficacy of Cognitive Tutor Geometry Pane et al. 2010 · 1 claim
• Effectiveness of Cognitive Tutor Algebra I at Scale Pane et al. 2014 · 1 claim
• Teaching Children To Read: An Evidence-Based Assessment of the Scientific Research Literature on Reading and Its Implications for Reading Instruction (Report of the National Reading Panel) Panel 2000 · 1 claim
• Complacency and Bias in Human Use of Automation: An Attentional Integration Parasuraman & Manzey 2010 · 1 claim
• Learning and deskilling effects of artificial intelligence in colonoscopy among endoscopists with different levels of experience: a pragmatic, prospective trial Pedersen et al. 2026 · 1 claim
• The influence of deliberate practice on musical achievement: a meta-analysis Platz et al. 2014 · 1 claim
• The Effects of Outdoor Teaching on Academic Achievement and Its Associated Factors—A Scoping Review Pulido et al. 2025 · 1 claim
• Time and quality in and out of class: the roles of instruction and homework in mathematics achievement and interest Qin & Wang 2026 · 1 claim
• Examining the benefits of spaced retrieval practice on transfer and the student experience in the classroom Ramgopal et al. 2026 · 1 claim
• Effect of Prior Knowledge on Good and Poor Readers' Memory of Text Recht & Leslie 1988 · 1 claim
• A Meta-Analysis on the Effectiveness of Bilingual Programs in Europe Reljić et al. 2015 · 1 claim
• A review of research and a meta-analysis of the seductive detail effect Rey 2012 · 1 claim
• Fair or Foul? Interrogating the Role of Baseball Knowledge in Studies of Knowledge and Comprehension Reynolds et al. 2024 · 1 claim
• Cognitive Offloading Risko & Gilbert 2016 · 1 claim
• Test anxiety in primary school children: A 20-year systematic review and meta-analysis Robson et al. 2023 · 1 claim
• A randomized controlled trial of interleaved mathematics practice Rohrer et al. 2020 · 1 claim
• Online Mathematics Homework Increases Student Achievement Roschelle et al. 2016 · 1 claim
• The effect of testing versus restudy on retention: A meta-analytic review of the testing effect Rowland 2014 · 1 claim
• A Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness and Boundary Conditions of Retrieval Practice, Distributed Practice, and Interleaved Practice in Authentic School Classrooms Ruitenburg et al. 2026 · 1 claim
• Reexamining the “brain drain” effect: A replication of Ward et al. (2017) Ruiz Pardo & Minda 2022 · 1 claim
• When the music's over. Does music skill transfer to children's and young adolescents' cognitive and academic skills? A meta-analysis Sala & Gobet 2017 · 1 claim
• Sleep restriction impairs item memory discrimination but not general recognition in young adolescents Saletin et al. 2025 · 1 claim
• Laptop multitasking hinders classroom learning for both users and nearby peers Sana et al. 2013 · 1 claim
• Connecting early language and literacy to later reading (dis)abilities: Evidence, theory, and practice Scarborough 2001 · 1 claim
• Music Lessons Enhance IQ Schellenberg 2004 · 1 claim
• The moderating role of arousal on the seductive detail effect in a multimedia learning setting Schneider et al. 2019 · 1 claim
• Is Cognitive Training Effective for Improving Executive Functions in Preschoolers? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Scionti et al. 2020 · 1 claim
• Can explicit teaching of knowledge improve reading attainment? An evaluation of the Core Knowledge curriculum See et al. 2017 · 1 claim
• Focus on Formative Feedback (ETS RR-07-11; journalversion RER 2008) Shute 2007 · 1 claim
• LCD vs. E-ink: An Analysis of the Reading Behavior Siegenthaler et al. 2012 · 1 claim
• Reading Across Mediums: Effects of Reading Digital and Print Texts on Comprehension and Calibration Singer & Alexander 2017 · 1 claim
• To What Extent and Under Which Circumstances Are Growth Mind-Sets Important to Academic Achievement? Two Meta-Analyses Sisk et al. 2018 · 1 claim
• Svenska 15-åringars användning av digitala verktyg — Nordiska jämförelser utifrån PISA 2022 Skolverket 2024 · 1 claim
• Kunskapssammanställning om användning av digitala enheter i skolan och fritidshemmet (bilaga till delredovisning U2024/01728) Skolverket 2025 · 1 claim
• Managerial training effectiveness: A meta-analysis 1952-2002 Skylar Powell & Yalcin 2010 · 1 claim
• A Synthesis of Research on Language of Reading Instruction for English Language Learners Slavin & Cheung 2005 · 1 claim
• Reading and Language Outcomes of a Multiyear Randomized Evaluation of Transitional Bilingual Education Slavin et al. 2011 · 1 claim
• The Importance of Knowledge for Reading Comprehension: A Quasi-Experimental Investigation Smith et al. 2026 · 1 claim
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• Accelerating language development through picture book reading Whitehurst et al. 1988 · 1 claim
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• Is it time to measure cognitive stunting? Winthrop 2026 · 1 claim
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• Do AI chatbots improve students learning outcomes? Evidence from a meta-analysis Wu & Yu 2024 · 1 claim
• A national experiment reveals where a growth mindset improves achievement Yeager et al. 2019 · 1 claim
• The optimal learning strategy depends on learning goals and processes: Retrieval practice versus worked examples Yeo & Fazio 2019 · 1 claim
• Long-term effects of metacognitive strategy instruction on student academic performance: A meta-analysis de Boer et al. 2018 · 1 claim
• Global Education Monitoring Report 2023: Technology in education – A tool on whose terms? team 2023 · 1 claim
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