When Does Learning by Non-interactive Teaching Work? A Large-Scale Analysis of Learner Characteristics in a Classroom Setting

Three randomised classroom experiments, 1,074 grade 7–8 students: 15 minutes of explaining a lesson by voice message to a fictitious peer beat restudy immediately (β = 0.23) but not eight weeks later (β = 0.09, p = .110); students had not studied expecting to teach. Narrowed C15 (2026-10-25).