Generated view: 23 sources whose Kunskapsbank note was filed under this theme, and the claims and candidates they link to.
C0 weakened
After the material has been encoded, practicing retrieval produces more durable retention than spending the same time restudying when the criterion test is delayed, items are correctly retrieved repeatedly in practice with corrective feedback (a single correct retrieval is not enough), and no-feedback multiple-choice practice is excluded. At an immediate (~5 min) test, equal-time restudy can be superior. Once initial learning is equated, the claim does not assert that this advantage grows as final-test delay grows. The claim does not hold when encoding never succeeded, when the practice test is a poor match to what must later be remembered, when practice accuracy is relatively low and no feedback is given, or when “testing” is high-stakes performance rather than practice. The claim does not transfer to novel, meaningless abstract visual materials that lack preexisting semantic scaffolding.
Serves: Q1 (What is optimal learning?)
Ages: not restricted by the claim text; linked bank evidence is mostly adults/university students plus age-spanning reviews (overgripande)
Bounds: Main contrast is for delayed criterion tests, not immediate (~5 min) tests. Delayed contrast requires repeated successful retrievals with corrective feedback (not one-shot success); no-feedback multiple-choice practice is excluded. Delay-growth of the retrieval–restudy advantage is not claimed once initial learning is equated. High semantic relatedness of cue–target materials reduces relative efficacy of retrieval vs restudy (~26%) but does not erase the advantage (Gupta, Pan & Rickard 2026; kill-condition test survived 2026-09-28). Novel meaningless abstract visual materials lacking preexisting semantic scaffolding: McCarter, Huber & Cowell 2025 (six experiments) found restudy ≥ retrieval (sometimes significantly better) despite feedback and delays — outside the claim (cf. Ferreira & Wimber 2023 on meaningful vs low-semantic visual materials).
Attack record: 12 attacks: 6 survived, 6 narrowed · Evidence links: 12 linked sources (7 supports, 5 limits, 2 challenges)
13 link(s) from sources in this view.
C1 weakened
Encoding has succeeded when the learner can later access the target under cue conditions that match the practice criterion without new presentation of the material — accessibility under that cue set, not mere study exposure or storage-without-access. Under corrective feedback, that accessibility criterion is stricter than what C0's delayed retrieval-over-restudy contrast requires: the contrast can appear equally when unaided practice success is experimentally low.
Serves: Q1 (What is optimal learning?)
Ages: not restricted by the claim text
Bounds: Canonical retrieval-practice designs that motivate C0 (e.g. Roediger & Karpicke 2006 Exp. 1) typically gate the restudy/test contrast on study exposure rather than item-level verified retrieval; C1 asserts a stricter accessibility criterion than those designs verify. Success here is accessibility under the practice/criterion cue set (Tulving & Pearlstone), not storage availability alone and not “was on the page.” Encoding success is criterion-relative (Morris, Bransford & Franks transfer-appropriate processing): it is defined relative to the practice/criterion task, not as task-free storage strength. Kill-condition prong 2 is met under corrective feedback (Gupta, Pan & Rickard 2022, DOI 10.3758/s13421-021-01236-4, full text verified 2026-10-01): with practice success experimentally ~0.22 versus ~0.55 via prior-study load, retrieval-with-feedback still beat restudy at ~48 h by a similar margin (Exp. 1 finals ~0.40 vs 0.24 at low success and ~0.60 vs 0.41 at high, no Training×Repetition interaction), so C0's delayed contrast with feedback does not require high unaided practice-phase accessibility success. Racsmány, Szőllősi & Marián 2020 (DOI 10.3758/s13421-020-01041-5, full text verified 2026-10-02): no-feedback equality residual tested and failed — practice success experimentally varied via prior-study load with no practice feedback and a restudy arm; first-final 1-week TE present but not equal across levels (Exp 1 practice ~25–29%, TE d=0.43; Exp 2 ~66–75%, d=1.33; Exp 3 ~76–81%, d=1.71 / ~61% vs ~28%), so without feedback the contrast does not appear equally when accessibility fails for most items; survived 2026-10-02.
Attack record: 7 attacks: 3 survived, 4 narrowed · Evidence links: 9 linked sources (4 supports, 5 limits)
5 link(s) from sources in this view.